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SEED ONLINE SCIENCE & ENGINEERING FAIR SOSEF 2001 The school was invited to participate in the SOSEF 2001 in February 2001. Three teams participated in the following four projects:
Objective
The objective of this project is to gain knowledge about the components of reinforced concrete buildings, the difference between them and bearing wall buildings, and the loads to which such buildings are subjected. The gained knowledge will be applied in building a Skeleton Reinforced Concrete Model.
Scope of the Project
The scope of the project includes two types of structural systems of buildings, the skeleton concrete building, and the bearing wall buildings.
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Abstract
This research aims to learn some of the wind energy characteristics and to build a small and simple wind turbine from very cheap materials.
Introduction
Renewable energy resources have gained increasing interest through the last two decades. As one of the renewable energy resources, wind energy is considered very attractive. Wind energy has been employed for many centuries in some parts in Europe and China in "WIND MILLS" for wheat milling or for water pumping. In the following sections we are going to present the idea of using wind energy in generating electricity.
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Abstract
In the present study, we performed an analysis in search of genetic changes due to smoking. We selected 10 normal nonsmoking persons as control and 10 smoking persons as cases for the study. We recorded their medical history, the duration of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. In our results we found that the breakage of chromosomes was higher in smokers than nonsmokers, and we expected that there is a linkage between this breakage and Cancer.
Introduction
Smoking, is inhalation and exhalation of fumes of burning tobaco. Leaves of the tobaco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing process, they may be rolled into cigars, or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes are made of finely shredded tobaco rolled in lightweight paper, and this is the most popular method of smoking.
As recently as the 1940's, smoking was considered harmless. Since then, laboratory and clinical research has proved that cigarette smoke contains around 4000 chemicals, some of which are potentially dangerous for humans. All such studies found increased mortality among smokers, both from cancer and other causes.
(Sandler, et al 1993) reported in his conclusion: cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for Leukemia and may lead to leukemia of specific morphologic and chromosomal types.
(Sanchez - Cespes, et al 2001) reported that their data demonstrate that widespread chromosomal abnormalities were frequent in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers whereas these abnormalities were infrequent in such tumors arising in nonsmokers.
These observations support the notion that lung cancers in smokers arise through genetic alterations distinct from the common events observed in tumors from smokers.
The American Cancer Society estimates that cigarettes are responsible for about 419,000 deaths in the United States each year. Chief among cancers caused by smoking is lung cancer, which accounts for 30 percent of all U.S. cancer deaths. Smoking accounts for 87 percent of the deaths from lung cancer. The risk of dying of lung cancer are 22 times higher for male smokers and 12 times higher for female smokers than for nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk of cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, eusophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas.
Smoking also causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the tract and coronary arteries.
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